Distributed policy architecture

ABSTRACT

A mobile device may select between multiple networks in order to offload network traffic from one network to another. Policies under which network selection happens are established by network operators. A hierarchy of policy servers are established where a central policy server with policies established by a network operator can delegate authority for network switching to a local policy server with policies established by the same or a different network operator. The central policy server can establish criteria under which network switching or network selection is delegated to a local server. Policies from the local policy server can include information about local network conditions. A mobile device can use the policies from the central server and local server to select a network.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments pertain to wireless communications. More particularly, embodiments pertain to a distributed policy architecture to offload cellular network traffic to other wireless networks.

BACKGROUND

With the growth of cellular network traffic, there has been increased interest in offloading the cellular network traffic to other wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi networks. However, current efforts to date are unable to take into consideration locally changing conditions and different deployment architectures such as small cells (e.g femto cell, micro cell, pico cell) versus a more traditional macro cellular network layout with overlaid Wi-Fi network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates various wireless networks according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a hierarchical policy architecture according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example central policy according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a hierarchical policy architecture according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a local policy according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a system block diagram according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

Various modifications to the embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter. Moreover, in the following description, numerous details are set forth for the purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without the use of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and processes are not shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the description of the embodiments of the invention with unnecessary detail. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

With the growth of wireless networks of all kinds, there are situations where a mobile device is in the coverage area of multiple wireless networks. Such a situation can exist, for example, when a mobile phone is in the coverage area of both a cellular network and a Wi-Fi network. When such a situation arises, network traffic that would go to one network may be offloaded onto the other network in order to utilize the combined bandwidth of the two networks.

FIG. 1 illustrates various wireless networks according to some embodiments. FIG. 1 illustrates wireless network 100, wireless network 102 and wireless network 104. In one embodiment, the wireless network 100 comprises an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) using the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) standard. The wireless communications network 100 includes an enhanced Node B 106 (sometimes referred to as an eNodeB, eNB or base station). eNB 106 can also be a HeNB (a home eNB). Wireless network 102 and wireless network 104 may be Wi-Fi networks using the evolving Hotspot 2.0 standard of the Wi-Fi alliance. The evolving Hotspot 2.0 standard enables seamless and non-seamless traffic offload from 3G networks (e.g., networks using the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications) and 4G (e.g. LTE) networks to Hotspot 2.0 enabled Wi-Fi networks. Wireless network 102 comprises Access Point (AP) 108 and wireless network 104 comprises Access Point (AP) 110.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a mobile device such as mobile device 112 can reside in a location where the coverage of two networks overlap. Mobile device 112 may be any type of mobile device including, but not limited to, cellular telephones, smart phones, tablets, laptops, desktops, personal computers, servers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), web appliances, set-top box (STB), a network router, switch or bridge, printers or other devices, and the like. Such devices are sometimes referred to as User Equipment (UE) in some specifications.

A network operator wishing to offload traffic from one network to another uses policies downloaded to mobile devices to allow the mobile device to select the best network for a given situation. The policies need to take into consideration not only agreements (e.g., roaming agreements and the like) when networks are owned by different operators, but also factors such as front end bandwidth, backhaul bandwidth, total network loads, overall user experience, etc. Not all of these factors can be foreseen or computed in advance, and many can change relatively quickly based on interference, number of users in an area (e.g., based on flight arrival/departure, etc.), and so forth. It is unlikely for an operator to be able to monitor large number of APs, or other factors from a central location, and to rapidly update policies to account for changing conditions.

For mobile devices normally connected to an LTE network, policies are generally served from a central policy server implementing the 3GPP Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF is a feature defined under 3GPP starting with Release 8 (see 3GPPP TS 24.302, TS 24.312 and TS 23.402) with the objective to assist devices in discovering alternative non-3GPP access networks (e.g., Wi-Fi and WiMAX) based on policies defined by network operators. However, such a central policy server cannot account for rapidly changing conditions and different deployment architectures.

FIG. 2 illustrates a hierarchical policy architecture according to some embodiments. In FIG. 2, a central policy server, such as policy server 200, works in conjunction with local policy servers, such as policy server 202 and/or policy server 204. With a hierarchy of policy servers, the local instances can work in conjunction with a central server to serve policies that account for local network conditions.

Central policy server 200 can provide policies for usage of local policy server 202 and/or local policy server 204. These policies can delegate authority to local policy servers with parameters defining the scope of delegation, how to avoid ping pong effects (i.e., switching back and forth between two networks), protocols to use to fine tune load balancing and network selections, etc. The hierarchy allows one network operator to delegate policy decisions and network selection decisions under defined circumstances to a partner in roaming scenarios.

The circumstances under which central policy server 200 authorizes local policy servers (e.g., local policy server 202 and/or local policy server 204) to take control of network selection and load balancing decisions can include, for example, mobile device location, time (e.g., time of day, day of week, etc.), offloading network(s) availability, network load, etc. Central policy server 200 can also identify how to discover and contact the local policy server (e.g., indications or advertisements in IEEE 802.11u, a mechanism of how the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the local policy server can be obtained, or use Domain Name System (DNS), etc.). Finally, central policy server 200 may identify how to prevent switching back and forth between networks (e.g., ping pong effects) and how to prevent conflicts between central policies from the central policy server and local policies from the local policy server(s).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a central policy management object 300 according to some embodiments. Central policy management object 300 includes one or more offload networks 302. In FIG. 3, SSIDs are used to identify Partner_A, Partner_B and Blue_Network as offload networks 302. However, any mechanism may be used to identify offload networks 302, and SSIDs are only an example.

Central policy management object 300 may include the conditions or criteria under which network selection is delegated to a local policy server (e.g., a mobile device should use policies provided by a local policy server instead of, or in addition to, policies provided in the central policy management object). In FIG. 3, this is illustrated by delegation policy parameter 304, which allows the local policy server to be used when the offload networks 302 are available.

The information in the delegation policy parameter 304 may be used in conjunction with other information to determine when the policy from a local policy server can be used. For example, parameters 314 and 316 indicate a time and location, respectively, when the policy from a local policy server can be used. In FIG. 3, these parameters 314, 316 indicate that the local policy from a local policy server can be used Monday through Friday, from 6 AM to 9 AM and then again from 3 PM to 7 PM when the mobile device is located in downtown San Francisco.

Central policy management object 300 may include parameters that allow a mobile device to locate and interact with a local policy server. In FIG. 3, these parameters include server access parameter 306 and management protocol parameter 308. These parameters 306, 308 indicate that the mobile device can use Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM) to access the local policy server and use IEEE 802.11v, which allows configuration of client devices while connected to wireless networks, as the management protocol. Other protocols and/or ways to identify and access local policy servers can also be included.

Central policy management object 300 may include conditions under which the mobile device should offload its traffic to one of the offload networks 302. In FIG. 3, offload criteria 310 indicates that traffic should be offloaded when the load on the Wi-Fi network is less than 60%. Other parameters can also be included, such as a parameter that calls for offloading (rather than suggesting offloading) under certain conditions, or parameters that indicate that offloading may be (or should be) performed when the load on the existing network (as opposed to the target offload network) meets certain criteria. Speed, throughput, bandwidth, or other parameters may also be used.

When a mobile device can select between networks under certain conditions allowed or called for by a policy, there can be the possibility of frequent switching between networks (e.g., ping pong effect). Mechanisms can be put in place to minimize or eliminate this switching. One such mechanism illustrated in FIG. 3 is selection delay time parameter 312, which for example purposes is shown as 30 minutes. Selection delay time parameter 312 indicates to a mobile device how long the device should wait before reevaluating its network choice. Of course, if something eliminates its network connection such as moving outside network coverage area, dropped network coverage, and so forth, the mobile device may select a new network even if the time indicated by selection delay time parameter 312 has not yet expired.

FIG. 4 illustrates a hierarchical policy architecture according to some embodiments. In FIG. 4, mobile device 400 is in range of a network operated by 3GPP operator 402 and a network operated by Wi-Fi operator 404. Mobile device 400 can receive a central policy management object via 3GPP operator 402. Such a policy may come from a central policy server (not shown) or perhaps from a local policy server, either a local server implementing ANDSF (not shown) or local server 406. Local server 406 can implement ANDSF and/or the Hotspot 2.0 technical specification from the Wi-Fi alliance. The central policy management object will allow mobile device 400 to know where to locate local server 406, how to communicate with local server 406 and under what conditions to follow any policy received from local server 406.

When the conditions of any central policy management object are met, mobile device 400 can receive a local policy management object and, based on the information in the local policy management object, select and connect to a network. The local policy management object may be received, for example, from local server 406.

When selecting a network based on parameters contained in a central policy management object and/or a local policy management object, conflicts between information in local policy management objects and the central policy management object may arise. Such conflicts can be resolved in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, information in the local policy management object may be selected over information in the central policy management object. In other embodiments, conflicting information may be weighted and/or merged in a variety of ways.

Policy management objects from local server 406 may reside locally or may reside on a database, such as database 408. In some embodiments, database 408 can be a repository of information needed to create a policy management object and can include information and statistics accessed from the web (e.g., as illustrated in 412), or accessed from elsewhere. For example, dynamic load block 410 may illustrate a data source for the dynamic load information for a network such as a 3G, 4G network and/or a Wi-Fi network. Additionally, or alternatively, Wi-Fi network information may be known by local server 406 and stored in database 408. As also illustrated in 412, database 408 may be managed remotely over the web.

FIG. 5 illustrates a local policy 500, according to some embodiments. The illustration of FIG. 5 shows various parameters that may be included in a local policy management object. Zero, one or more than one instance of each parameter (or group of parameters) is possible for most parameters. The parameters here will often simply be referred to by their name and/or number. Furthermore, parameters are often referred to as being part of a policy. However, this should be understood as the referenced parameter may be included in an appropriate policy management object.

Policy 500 may include roaming partner list 502. List 502 identifies offload networks that a mobile device can connect to. The list 502 can include multiple identified networks. Networks may be identified in a variety of ways, such as SSID or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), and may include a priority which can indicate a preference or order of connection. In FIG. 5, networks are identified by FQDN Match 504 and have Priority 506.

Policy 500 may include service provider exclusion list 508. Such a list 508 is useful, for example, when an operator wishes to prohibit connection to a particular network or set of networks. As before, networks can be identified in a variety of ways. In FIG. 5, networks are identified by FQDN Match 510.

Policy 500 may include Quality of Service (QoS) section 512. This section 512 can provide the local, rapidly changing information that will allow a device to make a good decision and will allow a network operator to direct traffic to a particular network based on local conditions. It will also allow an operator to fine tune the overall user experience. One or more QoS sections 512 can be included.

QoS section 512 may include network type parameter 514. Parameter 514 specifies the type of network (e.g., home or roaming) for which the policy 500 applies. The policy 500 can be set for home and for roaming networks with different values for other parameters in the QoS section 512. If the mobile device has access to both home and roaming networks, the device can use a priority scheme to select between them. This priority scheme can include giving preference to home networks over roaming networks.

QoS section 512 may include latency parameter 516. Latency parameter 516 may identify a threshold for the mobile device to consider when selecting a network (or when selecting an access point to provide access to a network). If the latency of a particular access point is below the threshold, then the access point may be considered for association.

QoS section 512 may include time to first byte parameter 518. Time to first byte parameter 518 may identify a threshold for the mobile device to consider when selecting a network (or when selecting an access point to provide access to a network). If the time to first byte of a particular access point is below the threshold, then the access point may be considered for association.

QoS section 512 may include throughput parameter 520. Throughput parameter 520 may identify the maximum acceptable load (e.g., channel utilization) for the mobile device to consider when selecting a network (or when selecting an access point to provide access to a network). If the load of a particular access point is below the threshold, then the access point may be considered for association.

QoS section 512 may include minimum backhaul downlink bandwidth parameter 522. Minimum backhaul downlink bandwidth parameter 522 may identify a threshold for the mobile device to consider when selecting a network (or when selecting an access point to provide access to a network). If the backhaul downlink bandwidth of a particular access point is above the threshold, then the access point may be considered for association. The available bandwidth for parameter 522 may be calculated based on the downlink speed, the backhaul load, and the number of devices associated with the access point. Parameter 522 can also be left out or set to a value indicating that there is no minimum called for.

QoS section 512 may include minimum backhaul uplink bandwidth parameter 524. Minimum backhaul uplink bandwidth parameter 524 may identify a threshold for the mobile device to consider when selecting a network (or when selecting an access point to provide access to a network). If the backhaul uplink bandwidth of a particular access point is above the threshold, then the access point may be considered for association. The available bandwidth for parameter 524 may be calculated based on the uplink speed, the backhaul load, and the number of devices associated with the access point. Parameter 524 can also be left out or set to a value indicating that there is no minimum called for.

Policy 500 may include policy update section 526 to indicate when, under what conditions, and how the policy 500 should be updated. Update interval 528 specifies how often the policy 500 should be updated (e.g., received from the local server). Update method 530 indicates how policy 500 should be updated. Options can include client-initiated, where the mobile device initiates the policy update, and server-initiated, where the server pushes the policy 500 to the client. Restriction 532 indicates at which access points (or networks) the policy 500 may be updated. For example, updates can be restricted to home networks, roaming networks, or unrestricted. URI 534 identifies where the policy 500 should be updated (e.g., using a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)). DM Acc 536 may be an optional parameter specifying the account on the Device Management (DM) server that should be used. Finally, Other 538 is an optional parameter that may contain vendor specific methods that the network operator can use to update the policy 500.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example system block diagram according to some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of a device 600 (such as mobile device 112 of FIG. 1 or mobile device 400 of FIG. 4). Device 600 may include processor 604, memory 606, transceiver 608 (including at least one antenna 610), instructions 612, 614, and possibly other components (not shown). While similar from a block diagram standpoint, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the configuration and details of operation of different devices may be similar, or substantially different, depending on the exact device and role.

The processor 604 comprises one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), accelerated processing units (APUs), or various combinations thereof. The processor 604 provides processing and control functionalities for device 600.

Memory 606 comprises one or more memory units configured to store instructions and data for device 600. Transceiver 608 comprises one or more transceivers including, for an appropriate station or responder, a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna to support MIMO communications. Transceiver 608 receives transmissions and transmits transmissions, among other things, from and to other devices in one or more networks.

The instructions 612, 614, comprise one or more sets of instructions or software executed on a computing device (or machine) to cause such computing device (or machine) to perform any of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 612, 614 (also referred to as computer- or machine-executable instructions) may reside, completely or at least partially, within processor 604 and/or the memory 606 during execution thereof by device 600. While instructions 612 and 614 are illustrated as separate, they can be part of the same whole. The processor 604 and memory 606 also comprise machine-readable media.

In FIG. 6, processing and control functionalities are illustrated as being provided by processor 604 along with associated instructions 612, 614. However, these are only examples of processing circuitry that comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software or firmware to perform certain operations. In various embodiments, processing circuitry may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., within a special-purpose processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or array) to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that a decision to implement a processing circuitry mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by, for example, cost, time, energy-usage, package size, or other considerations.

Accordingly, the term “processing circuitry” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b) requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

The term “computer readable medium,” “machine-readable medium” and the like should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The terms shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “computer readable medium,” “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include both “computer storage medium,” “machine storage medium” and the like (tangible sources including, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, or other tangible devices and carriers but excluding signals per se, carrier waves and other intangible sources) and “computer communication medium,” “machine communication medium” and the like (intangible sources including, signals per se, carrier wave signals and the like).

It will be appreciated that, for clarity purposes, the above description describes some embodiments with reference to different functional units or processors. However, it will be apparent that any suitable distribution of functionality between different functional units, processors or domains may be used without detracting from embodiments of the invention. For example, functionality illustrated to be performed by separate processors or controllers may be performed by the same processor or controller. Hence, references to specific functional units are only to be seen as references to suitable means for providing the described functionality, rather than indicative of a strict logical or physical structure or organization.

Although the present inventive subject matter has been described in connection with some embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein. One skilled in the art would recognize that various features of the described embodiments may be combined in accordance with the disclosure. Moreover, it will be appreciated that various modifications and alterations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless device comprising: transceiver circuitry to: receive, from a central policy server, a central policy management object comprising a delegation parameter to indicate when a local policy server should be used; receive, from a local policy server, a local policy management object comprising a Quality of Service (QoS) section; and processing circuitry to select, based on the QoS section of the local policy management object, a local network.
 2. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a latency parameter.
 3. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a time to first byte parameter.
 4. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a throughput parameter.
 5. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a network type parameter.
 6. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a minimum backhaul downlink bandwidth parameter.
 7. The wireless device of claim 1 wherein the QoS section comprises a minimum backhaul uplink bandwidth parameter.
 8. The wireless device of claim 2 wherein the QoS section further comprises: a time to first byte parameter; a throughput parameter; a network type parameter; a minimum backhaul downlink bandwidth parameter; and a minimum backhaul uplink bandwidth parameter.
 9. A wireless device comprising: transceiver circuitry to: receive, from a central policy server, a central policy management object comprising: a delegation parameter to indicate when a local policy server should be used; and a selection delay interval; receive, from a local policy server, a local policy management object; and processing circuitry to select, based on the central policy management object and the local policy management object, a local network.
 10. The wireless device of claim 9 wherein the processing circuitry is adapted to: connect to the local network; and select a second network after the selection delay interval.
 11. The wireless device of claim 9 wherein the delegation parameter comprises a location parameter indicating where the local policy server can be used.
 12. The wireless device of claim 9 wherein the delegation parameter comprises a time parameter indicating when the local policy server can be used.
 13. A method for selecting a network comprising: evaluating a central policy management object to identify a local policy server and a criterion under which the local policy server may be accessed; retrieving, from the local policy server in accordance with the criterion, a local policy management object; selecting, based on the local policy management object, a network; and connecting to the network.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the local policy management object comprises a quality of service section.
 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the central policy management object comprises a selection delay interval and the method further comprises: waiting the selection delay interval; after the selection delay interval, evaluating the criterion under which the local policy server may be accessed; selecting a new network based on the local policy management object when the criterion under which the local policy server may be accessed is met; and selecting a new network based on the central policy management object when the criterion under which the local policy server may be accessed is not met.
 16. The method of claim 13 wherein the network is selected based on both the local policy management object and the central policy management object and wherein information in the local policy management object takes precedence over information in the central policy management object when a conflict arises between information in the local policy management object and information in the central policy management object.
 17. A wireless device comprising: transceiver circuitry coupled to an antenna, the transceiver circuitry to receive a policy management object from a local policy server, the policy management object having a Quality of Service (QoS) section, the QoS section comprising a local network type parameter, a local minimum backhaul downlink bandwidth parameter and a local minimum backhaul uplink bandwidth parameter; memory; a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver circuitry; and instructions, stored in the memory, which when executed, cause the processor to: evaluate a network with respect to the policy management object; and select the network for use based on at least one parameter in the QoS section of the policy management object.
 18. The wireless device of claim 17 wherein the QoS section further comprises a local latency parameter.
 19. The wireless device of claim 17 wherein the QoS section further comprises a local time to first byte parameter.
 20. The wireless device of claim 17 wherein the QoS section further comprises a local throughput parameter. 